19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Gathering Flowers in a French Garden. ca 1888

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American Artist

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). The Artist's Wife in a Garden Villiers le Bel. 1889

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). In a French Garden.

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women Gardening by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Daniel Ridgeway Knight (1839-1924) was an American born painter known for his detailed & deeply romanticized depictions of simple rural life, particularly focusing on the exhausting daily activities of women gardening for a living.. 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts & later moved to Paris to further his studies at the École des Beaux-Arts. He was influenced by the Barbizon school & later became associated with the Academic style.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

The Barbizon School was a pivotal movement in 19C art, emphasizing realistic depictions of nature & rural life, & playing a crucial role in the evolution of landscape painting. 

Gardening Detail by  Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

The Barbizon School emerged in France between 1830 & 1870. It is named after the village of Barbizon, near the Forest of Fontainebleau, where many of the artists associated with the movement gathered & worked.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

The Barbizon artists were inspired by 17C Dutch landscape painters, such as Jacob van Ruisdael (1629 – 1682) & Meindert Hobbema (1638 – 1709), who also focused on naturalistic representations of rural scenes. 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Artists adopting the Barbizon School movement like Daniel Ridgeway Knight reacted against the formalism & artificiality of academic art that dominated the French art scene at the time. 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Artists of the Barbizon School included Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796-1875): Known for his poetic & atmospheric landscapes.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Another Barbizon artist was Théodore Rousseau (1812-1867): One of the leaders of the movement, noted for his detailed & textured depictions of trees & forests.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

A similar Barbizon artist was Jean-François Millet (1814-1875): Famous for his scenes of peasant life, emphasizing the dignity of labor.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

These artists sought to break away from the rigid conventions of the Academy & find inspiration directly in nature. Their work laid the groundwork for later movements, such as Impressionism, which further explored the effects of light & atmosphere & continued the tradition of painting en plein air.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

One of the hallmarks of the Barbizon School was painting en plein air (outdoors). This approach allowed artists to observe & render the ever-changing changing effects of light & atmosphere directly from nature.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

After 1872, he lived in France, having a house & studio on the Seine. Knight lived in the village of Rolleboise, France, surrounded by the very scenes he painted. 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight was surrounded by the beauty of the French countryside & sought to celebrate the simplicity & tranquility of rural life. His paintings of women gardening seem to be  homage to the pastoral lifestyle & the hard work of rural women.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Like many artists of his time, Knight idealized the peasant class, portraying them in a romantic & often nostalgic light. His paintings reflect a sense of purity & virtue associated with rural living. Knight’s paintings provide a window into the daily lives of rural women in 19C France, showcasing their work in gardens & fields. This focus on everyday common labor highlights the importance & dignity of the women's roles in agricultural society.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Many artists of the Barbizon School were inerested in capturing the natural environment as it appeared, without idealization or romantic embellishment.  Knight's work seems both idealized & romantic much of the time.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

His works reflect the 19C trend of romanticizing the countryside, presenting an idealized version of the rural life of women gardening that contrasts with the growing industrialization & urbanization of the period.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight's meticulous attention to detail & his ability to capture light & texture invite viewers to appreciate the beauty in ordinary scenes & tasks.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight’s paintings emphasize themes of simplicity, harmony with nature, & a nobility of rural existence.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight's paintings are celebrated for their beauty & the serene, picturesque qualities they impart to everyday rural scenes. They continue to be appreciated for their technical skill, emotional depth, & the unique glimpse they offer of the period.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Biography of Daniel Ridgway Knight (1839-1924)

Daniel Ridgway Knight, was born on March 15, 1839, in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.  Knight initially the acclaimed artists Charles Gleyre & Jean-Léon Gérôme. His artistic style evolved into a blending academic precision with a naturalistic approach.

Knight settled in France, where he developed his signature style of depicting everyday scenes of rural life. He often painted en plein air, capturing the beauty of the French countryside with meticulous attention to light, color, & detail. His compositions typically featured peasant women engaged in simple, tranquil activities, exuding a sense of serenity & harmony with nature. Knight’s work resonated with both American & European audiences, earning him numerous accolades, including medals at the Paris Salon & the Exposition Universelle.

Knight passed away on March 9, 1924, in Paris. His work remains celebrated for its technical skill, attention to detail, & ability to capture the quiet beauty of rural existence.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Patricia. Daniel Ridgway Knight: American Artist in France. Somogy Art Publishing, 2009.

Falk, Peter Hastings. Who Was Who in American Art: 1564-1975. Sound View Press, 1999.

Rehs, Howard L. The Life & Art of Daniel Ridgway Knight. Rehs Galleries, 2004.

Articles:

Barr, Stephanie. "Daniel Ridgway Knight & the Cult of the Peasant in French Art." The Journal of American Art, vol. 18, no. 2, 2007, pp. 54-67.

Cox, Jay. "American Expatriates & the French Rural Ideal: The Art of Daniel Ridgway Knight." American Art Review, vol. 21, no. 4, 2009, pp. 112-123.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "Rural Genre Painting & American Expatriates: Daniel Ridgway Knight’s Vision of France." American Art Journal, vol. 40, no. 3, 2012, pp. 88-101.

Zygmont, Bryan J. "The Artistic Legacy of Daniel Ridgway Knight: America’s Painter of Rural Life." American Fine Art Magazine, vol. 16, no. 5, 2018, pp. 72-83.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Mrs Hassam in the Garden. 1896

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Dog Sleeping-=Lady Reading or Dozing Off?

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Lilies. 1910

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). After Breakfast. 1887

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

Women of Summer by Spaniard Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida 1863-1923

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Beneath the Canopy 1910

Duncan Phillips, one of the founders of The Phillips Collection, visited Sorolla in Madrid around 1910. He published his article Sorolla: the Painter of Sunlight in 1913. "At his best Sorolla combines truth and beauty in a very exceptional way. His distinctive achievement is the effect of sunlight on white - white skin, white sails, white dresses, white walls. His whites are never twice alike, but they speak vividly of various sorts of surfaces and edges...from Monet or from experience he has learned that a slight mixture with pure white pigment of yellow or vermilion for parts in light, and of violet or blue for parts in shadow, will produce the illusion of air that sparkles with sunbeams."

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Clotilde and Elena on the Rocks at Javea 1905

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Clotilde 1891

Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Clotilde at the Beach 1904

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Fishing Nets 1893

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Girl with Flowers

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) In the Garden 1896

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Italian Girl with Flowers

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Lighthouse Walk at Biarritz 1906

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Maria at la Granja

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Maria at the Beach Biarritz 1906

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Maria Painting in el Pardo 1907

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Mending the Sails 1896

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) My Wife and Daughters

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Promenade by the Sea 1909

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Shell in Javea 1900

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Snapshot at Biarritz 1906

 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish artist, 1863-1923) Under the Parasol, Zarauz, 1910''

Biography of Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida (1863-1923)

Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida, born in1863, in Valencia, Spain, emerged as one of Spain's most celebrated painters of that period. Renowned for his mastery of light, color, & depiction of everyday life, Sorolla’s work traverses various genres, including landscapes, seascapes, portraits, & social scenes. His artistic style evolved from early Realism to a distinctive form of Impressionism, characterized by vibrant, luminous scenes set against the Mediterranean coast. 

Sorolla was orphaned at a young age & raised by his aunt & uncle. His artistic talent became evident early in life, & by the age of 15, he began formal art studies at the Academy of San Carlos in Valencia. After completing his studies, Sorolla traveled to Madrid, where he diligently copied works in the Prado Museum, particularly those of Velázquez & El Greco.

In 1885, Sorolla received a grant to study in Rome, where he spent 4 years refining his craft. During this period, he traveled up to Paris, where he was deeply influenced by the French Impressionists. Sorolla is best known for his vibrant depictions of sun-drenched landscapes & seascapes, where he captured the moody brilliance of the Mediterranean sun & the fluid reflection of water with unparalleled vision & skill.

In 1888, Sorolla married Clotilde García del Castillo, the daughter of a prominent photographer. Clotilde became his muse, appearing in many of his portraits, & the couple had three children. Sorolla’s family life was a central theme in his work, with his children frequently depicted in his paintings, often painting them in intimate & joyful settings.

In the latter part of his career, Sorolla continued to produce works celebrating light, nature, & the vibrancy of life. In 1920, he suffered a stroke ending his active career. He died in Madrid in1923. His ability to capture the essence of Spanish culture, the breathtaking beauty of the Mediterranean, & the subtleties of light earned him the title "Master of Light." 

Bibliography

Books:

Barón, Javier. Sorolla: The Masterworks. Skira Rizzoli, 2019.

Benedetti, María López Fernández, & Francisco Pons-Sorolla. Sorolla: A Vision of Spain. Instituto de Cultura Fundación MAPFRE, 2007.

Mena Marqués, Manuela B. Joaquín Sorolla 1863-1923. Museo Nacional del Prado, 2009.

Mendelson, Jordana, & Blanca Pons-Sorolla. Sorolla & America. Ediciones El Viso, 2014.

Pons-Sorolla, Blanca. Joaquín Sorolla. Polígrafa, 2001.

Articles:

Barón, Javier. "Joaquín Sorolla & His World." Apollo: The International Art Magazine, vol. 169, no. 567, 2009, pp. 18-26.

Blanco, Antonio Muñoz. "Sorolla, the Painter of Light." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 136, no. 1098, 1994, pp. 252-259.

Cohen, Sarah. "The Mediterranean Vision of Joaquín Sorolla: Light, Landscape, & Identity." Art History, vol. 32, no. 4, 2009, pp. 545-567.

Llorens, Tomás. "Sorolla & the Spanish Realist Tradition." The Art Bulletin, vol. 79, no. 3, 1997, pp. 451-468.

Pons-Sorolla, Blanca. "Sorolla: Portraits of Family & Friends." Journal of Art Historiography, vol. 12, 2015, pp. 89-107.

19C Women in Gardens with Parasols - American

Frederick Frieseke (1874-1939) Woman with a Garden Parasol, c. 1906

Biography of Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874-1939)

Frederick Carl Frieseke, born on April 7, 1874, in Owosso, Michigan, became one of the prominent figures in American Impressionism. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago & the Art Students League of New York, Frieseke moved to Paris in 1898 to further his training. He studied at the Académie Julian & the Académie Carmen under James McNeill Whistler, whose emphasis on color & light profoundly influenced his work.

Frieseke settled in Giverny, France, in 1906, where he became closely associated with the American expatriate art colony. His work during this period, characterized by a focus on light, color, & the depiction of women in domestic & outdoor settings, gained widespread acclaim. Frieseke’s paintings often featured serene, & sun-dappled gardens rendered with a soft, harmonious palette.

Throughout his career, Frieseke exhibited widely in both Europe & the United States, earning numerous awards & honors. Although he spent much of his career in France, his work remained influential in the United States. Frederick Carl Frieseke passed away on August 24, 1939, in Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, France, as one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Henry. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Evolution of an American Impressionist. Telfair Museum of Art, 2001.

Booth, James, & Larkin, Susan. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Painter as Poet. Hudson Hills Press, 1998.

Chotner, Deborah. American Impressionism & Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Gerdts, William H. American Impressionism. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Gerdts, William H., & Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Impressionism Abroad: Boston & American Expatriate Painters. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art & Early Film, 1880-1910. Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

Vose, Marcia. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Light Within. Vose Galleries, 1986.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. The American Pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Garland Publishing, 1984.

Articles:

Caldwell, Martha. "A Light Among the Impressionists: The Art of Frederick Carl Frieseke." Smithsonian Studies in American Art, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003, pp. 68-85.

Evans, Helen. "Frieseke in Giverny: A Study of Light & Color." The Art Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 4, 2001, pp. 602-618.

Hiesinger, Ulrich W. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: An American in Giverny." American Art Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 110-121.

Johnston, Kimberly. "Women & Domesticity in the Work of Frederick Carl Frieseke." American Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 14-29.

Owens, Gwendolyn. "Frederick Carl Frieseke & the Art of Intimacy." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 143, no. 1184, 2001, pp. 46-53.

Taylor, Kimberly A. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: Impressionism & the Aesthetic of Pleasure." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-38.

Tovey, Frank. "Frederick Carl Frieseke’s Aesthetic Vision: American & French Influences." American Art Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 2008, pp. 40-57.

Wilkin, Karen. "Frieseke’s French Connection: American Impressionism Revisited." The Magazine Antiques, vol. 162, no. 5, 2003, pp. 194-203.

19C Women in Gardens with Parasols - American

Frederick Frieseke (1874-1939) The Pink Garden Parasol 1913

Biography of Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874-1939)

Frederick Carl Frieseke, born on April 7, 1874, in Owosso, Michigan, became one of the prominent figures in American Impressionism. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago & the Art Students League of New York, Frieseke moved to Paris in 1898 to further his training. He studied at the Académie Julian & the Académie Carmen under James McNeill Whistler, whose emphasis on color & light profoundly influenced his work.

Frieseke settled in Giverny, France, in 1906, where he became closely associated with the American expatriate art colony. His work during this period, characterized by a focus on light, color, & the depiction of women in domestic & outdoor settings, gained widespread acclaim. Frieseke’s paintings often featured serene, & sun-dappled gardens rendered with a soft, harmonious palette.

Throughout his career, Frieseke exhibited widely in both Europe & the United States, earning numerous awards & honors. Although he spent much of his career in France, his work remained influential in the United States. Frederick Carl Frieseke passed away on August 24, 1939, in Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, France, as one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Henry. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Evolution of an American Impressionist. Telfair Museum of Art, 2001.

Booth, James, & Larkin, Susan. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Painter as Poet. Hudson Hills Press, 1998.

Chotner, Deborah. American Impressionism & Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Gerdts, William H. American Impressionism. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Gerdts, William H., & Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Impressionism Abroad: Boston & American Expatriate Painters. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art & Early Film, 1880-1910. Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

Vose, Marcia. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Light Within. Vose Galleries, 1986.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. The American Pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Garland Publishing, 1984.

Articles:

Caldwell, Martha. "A Light Among the Impressionists: The Art of Frederick Carl Frieseke." Smithsonian Studies in American Art, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003, pp. 68-85.

Evans, Helen. "Frieseke in Giverny: A Study of Light & Color." The Art Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 4, 2001, pp. 602-618.

Hiesinger, Ulrich W. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: An American in Giverny." American Art Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 110-121.

Johnston, Kimberly. "Women & Domesticity in the Work of Frederick Carl Frieseke." American Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 14-29.

Owens, Gwendolyn. "Frederick Carl Frieseke & the Art of Intimacy." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 143, no. 1184, 2001, pp. 46-53.

Taylor, Kimberly A. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: Impressionism & the Aesthetic of Pleasure." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-38.

Tovey, Frank. "Frederick Carl Frieseke’s Aesthetic Vision: American & French Influences." American Art Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 2008, pp. 40-57.

Wilkin, Karen. "Frieseke’s French Connection: American Impressionism Revisited." The Magazine Antiques, vol. 162, no. 5, 2003, pp. 194-203.

19C Women in Gardens - American Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935).

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Poppies on the Isles of Shoals, Maine.

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens with Parasols - American Artist

 

Frederick Frieseke (1874-1939) Woman with a Parasol Promenades in the Garden

Biography of Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874-1939)

Frederick Carl Frieseke, born on April 7, 1874, in Owosso, Michigan, became one of the prominent figures in American Impressionism. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago & the Art Students League of New York, Frieseke moved to Paris in 1898 to further his training. He studied at the Académie Julian & the Académie Carmen under James McNeill Whistler, whose emphasis on color & light profoundly influenced his work.

Frieseke settled in Giverny, France, in 1906, where he became closely associated with the American expatriate art colony. His work during this period, characterized by a focus on light, color, & the depiction of women in domestic & outdoor settings, gained widespread acclaim. Frieseke’s paintings often featured serene, & sun-dappled gardens rendered with a soft, harmonious palette.

Throughout his career, Frieseke exhibited widely in both Europe & the United States, earning numerous awards & honors. Although he spent much of his career in France, his work remained influential in the United States. Frederick Carl Frieseke passed away on August 24, 1939, in Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, France, as one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Henry. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Evolution of an American Impressionist. Telfair Museum of Art, 2001.

Booth, James, & Larkin, Susan. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Painter as Poet. Hudson Hills Press, 1998.

Chotner, Deborah. American Impressionism & Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Gerdts, William H. American Impressionism. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Gerdts, William H., & Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Impressionism Abroad: Boston & American Expatriate Painters. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art & Early Film, 1880-1910. Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

Vose, Marcia. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Light Within. Vose Galleries, 1986.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. The American Pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Garland Publishing, 1984.

Articles:

Caldwell, Martha. "A Light Among the Impressionists: The Art of Frederick Carl Frieseke." Smithsonian Studies in American Art, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003, pp. 68-85.

Evans, Helen. "Frieseke in Giverny: A Study of Light & Color." The Art Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 4, 2001, pp. 602-618.

Hiesinger, Ulrich W. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: An American in Giverny." American Art Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 110-121.

Johnston, Kimberly. "Women & Domesticity in the Work of Frederick Carl Frieseke." American Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 14-29.

Owens, Gwendolyn. "Frederick Carl Frieseke & the Art of Intimacy." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 143, no. 1184, 2001, pp. 46-53.

Taylor, Kimberly A. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: Impressionism & the Aesthetic of Pleasure." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-38.

Tovey, Frank. "Frederick Carl Frieseke’s Aesthetic Vision: American & French Influences." American Art Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 2008, pp. 40-57.

Wilkin, Karen. "Frieseke’s French Connection: American Impressionism Revisited." The Magazine Antiques, vol. 162, no. 5, 2003, pp. 194-203.