19C Women in Gardens =- French

 
Elisabeth Sonrel (French painter) 1874 - 1953  Un après-midi au jardin (An afternoon in the garden), 1896

19C Women in Gardens - Australian

 
Emanuel Phillips Fox (Australian painter) 1865 - 1915 The Arbor,

19C Women in Gardens - British

 
George Dunlop Leslie (British painter) 1835 - 1921  Five O'Clock, c. 1874

+++ 19C Women in Gardens German

 

Frederick Walker (British painter) 1840 - 1875 Garden in Autumn, 1864

+++ 18C American Women in Gardens

1742-46 1750s Walled Garden & Grounds at Cleve in Virginia. Anne Byrd of Westover (1725-1757) (Mrs. Charles Carter). Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.attributed to William Dering, Anne Byrd Carter. 

Detail 1755 Joseph Blackburn (fl 1753-1763). Isaac Winslow & His Family with a brick garden wall with finials at the gate in background. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

1760 William Williams (1727-1791). Deborah Richmond in front of a sophisticated curved wall. 

c 1763 John Singleton Copley (1738-1815). Mary Turner (Mrs. Daniel Sargent) in front of a Garden Wall.

1767 James Claypoole (1743-1814). Ann Galloway (Mrs Joseph Pemberton) sitting at a low wall.

Women & Gardens - American

 Winslow Homer (American artist, 1836-1910)  Girl and Laurel 

"The sun will not rise or set without my notice, and thanks." Winslow Homer

Winslow Homer was an American artist. He is considered one of the foremost painters in 19C America and a preeminent figure in American art. Largely self-taught, Homer began his career working as a commercial illustrator.

Winslow Homer (1836-1910) Peach Blossoms

Winslow Homer (1836-1910) Girl in a Garden

Winslow Homer (1836-1910) Peach Blossoms

Winslow Homer (1836-1910) The Garden Wall

Winslow Homer (1836-1910) On the Fence

Winslow Homer (1836-1910) The Garden Gate

Women & Gardens - American

Richard Edward Miller (American painter, 1875-1943) By the Riverbank 1910

Richard Emil Miller (1875-1943) In the Garden

Richard Emil Miller (1875-1943) Reading in the Garden

Richard Emil Miller (1875-1943) Summer Reverie in the Garden

Richard Emil Miller (1875-1943) The Garden Seat

Richard Emil Miller (1875-1943) Woman Reading in the Garden

Richard Emil Miller (1875-1943) Woman with Parasol in the Garden

Richard Edward or Emil Miller (1875-1943) Reverie in the Garden

Richard Edward Miller (American Painter, 1875–1943): Biography

Richard Edward Miller was an American Impressionist painter born on March 22, 1875, in St. Louis, Missouri, and best known for his paintings of women in richly decorated interiors or bathed in outdoor sunlight. He was part of the Giverny Group, a colony of American painters in Giverny, France, associated with Claude Monet, and a prominent member of the American Impressionist movement. His work is characterized by its vibrant color, intimate domestic scenes, and a focus on capturing light and atmosphere.

Miller studied at the St. Louis School of Fine Arts, an experience that laid the groundwork for his later development. He moved to Paris in 1898 to attend the Académie Julian, a renowned private art academy where he honed his craft under teachers like Jean-Paul Laurens. Miller became part of the American Art Colony in Giverny, where he developed his signature style. His works are distinguished by their vivid color palette, loose brushwork, and graceful depictions of women, often in peaceful, contemplative poses.

In 1906, Miller exhibited at the Salon de la Société des Artistes Français in Paris, marking his international breakthrough. By this time, his style had evolved towards decorative Impressionism, marked by lush patterns, vibrant color contrasts, and intimate settings of women in interiors or gardens.

In 1910, Miller returned to the United States and taught at the Provincetown Art Colony in Massachusetts, which became an important site for American modernist painters. He also taught at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Miller's time as a teacher influenced a generation of American artists.

His career garnered many honors, including medals at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915) in San Francisco. Miller's paintings are held in numerous major public collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, and others.

 Miller is most noted for his portraits of women in intimate, everyday settings, surrounded by luxurious, colorful fabrics and bathed in soft light. His brushwork is fluid and expressive, akin to the French Impressionist style, but his compositions often exhibit a more structured, decorative quality that aligns him with the decorative arts movement of the early 20th century. His use of bold patterns and strong colors demonstrates a mastery of color harmony and an interest in the effects of natural and artificial light.

Miller passed away on January 23, 1943, in St. Augustine, Florida, leaving behind a legacy as one of the premier American Impressionists of his time.

Bibliography 

Books:

Adams, Henry. American Impressionism and Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Clark, Charles Teaze. Richard E. Miller: An Impression and Appreciation. The Richard E. Miller Memorial Association, 1944.

Gerdts, William H., and Abigail Booth Gerdts. Richard E. Miller: American Impressionist. Spanierman Gallery, 1997.

McConkey, Kenneth. Impressionism in Britain and America. Phaidon Press, 1990.

Spanierman, Ira. American Painting in the Impressionist Era: The Influence of the French School from Barbizon Through Giverny. Spanierman Gallery, 1980.

Articles:

Carbone, Teresa A. "Women and Domestic Spaces in American Impressionism: The Case of Richard Edward Miller." American Art, vol. 18, no. 3, 2004, pp. 30-48.

Fry, Linda L. "Richard E. Miller: American Impressionist." American Art Review, vol. 6, no. 1, 1994, pp. 112-123.

Gerdts, William H. "Richard E. Miller and the American Garden." Garden History, vol. 22, no. 1, 1994, pp. 85-95.

Kilmurray, Elaine, and David Ludley. "Giverny Revisited: The Influence of Claude Monet on American Painters in France." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 125, no. 967, 1983, pp. 347-349.

19C Women in Gardens - British

 

George Clausen (British painter) 1852 - 1944 Daydreams in the Garden 1883

George Clausen (1852–1944) – Biography

George Clausen, born in London on April 18, 1852, was a prominent British painter and a key figure in the New English Art Club. Known for his naturalistic style and focus on rural life, Clausen was deeply influenced by French naturalism, particularly by the works of Jules Bastien-Lepage. He studied at the South Kensington School of Art and the Académie Julian in Paris, where he was exposed to plein air painting and the tenets of realism.

In his early career, Clausen depicted rural scenes with a social message, emphasizing the hardships and dignity of rural laborers. His work, often focused on light and atmosphere, evolved over time to include a more impressionistic touch, though he remained committed to depicting everyday life. Clausen became a respected academician, holding several important teaching posts, including a professorship at the Royal Academy Schools.

His career spanned over six decades, during which he exhibited at the Royal Academy, the Grosvenor Gallery, and other prestigious institutions. Clausen's work from the First World War period, when he was appointed as an official war artist, took on a more somber tone. He captured the emotional toll of the war in works like The Road to the Trenches (1919).

In addition to painting, Clausen wrote extensively on art and technique, contributing significantly to art theory during his time. He passed away in Newbury, Berkshire, in November 1944 at the age of 92, leaving behind a legacy of works that captured the life of rural England and its people.

Bibliography

Books

Blunt, Wilfrid. England in the Age of George Clausen. London: Faber and Faber, 1976.

Clausen, George. Aims and Ideals in Art. London: Methuen & Co., 1906.

Clausen, George. The Art of George Clausen, R.A., with an Introduction and Notes by the Artist. London: Ernest Brown and Phillips, 1923.

Cursiter, Stanley. George Clausen, A.R.A.: A Study of His Art. London: Odhams Press, 1920.

Johnson, W. McAllister. George Clausen and the Picture of English Rural Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.

Tovey, Donald. British Painters and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955.

Willsdon, Claire. The Cult of the Farmer: Representations of Rural Life in British Painting, 1880-1914. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000.

Articles

Carrier, David. "The Role of Rural Life in George Clausen's Works." Art Journal, vol. 38, no. 2, 1979, pp. 128-134.

Fleming, Gordon H. "George Clausen: A Modern Realist." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 118, no. 880, 1976, pp. 607-610.

Harding, Jennifer. "Nature and Industrialism in Clausen's Early Work." Journal of British Studies, vol. 42, no. 3, 1985, pp. 289-307.

Harrison, Charles. "Reassessing the New English Art Club and Clausen’s Impact." The Art Bulletin, vol. 72, no. 1, 1990, pp. 47-60.

Newall, Christopher. "George Clausen's Depiction of Labor: Realism or Idealism?" The Victorian Review, vol. 15, no. 3, 1989, pp. 15-26.

Stephens, F.G. "Rural Aesthetics in Clausen’s Paintings." Art Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 4, 1928, pp. 401-417.

Thompson, James. "Clausen’s War Art: An Artist’s Response to Conflict." British Art Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, 2002, pp. 85-93.

Woolford, Susan. "The British Countryside in the Age of Industrialization: George Clausen and His Contemporaries." Oxford Art Journal, vol. 34, no. 4, 1998, pp. 423-438.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Celia Thaxter in Her Garden.

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Garden, Isles of Shoals, Maine.

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Reading in the Garden at Villers le Be 1889

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Miss Weir in the Garden

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935).  In the Garden

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Edith Blaney in the Garden, 1894. (She is reading Celia Thaxter's An Island Garden, illustrated by Hassam, published in 1894.) 

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935) Mrs Hassam at Villiers le Bel

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935) Mrs Hassam in the Garden 1888

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Childe Hassam (1859-1935) The Fisherman's Cottage with a Garden

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935) The Garden Door

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935) Spring 

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935) Listening to the Orchard Oriole

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935) In the Park, Paris

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935) Geraniums in the Garden

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

Women and Labor Day

.

Norman Rockwell, Rosie the Riviter 1943

The United States Department of Labor tell us that Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. It constitutes a yearly national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of the country.

Who Was the Founder of Labor Day?

More than 100 years after the first Labor Day observance, there is still some doubt as to who first proposed the holiday for workers. Some records show that Peter J. McGuire, general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and a cofounder of the American Federation of Labor, was first in suggesting a day to honor those "who from rude nature have delved and carved all the grandeur we behold."

Winslow Homer, Bobbin Girl. 1871 Lowell Massachusetts, National Historical Park

But Peter McGuire's place in Labor Day history has not gone unchallenged. Many believe that Matthew Maguire, a machinist, not Peter McGuire, founded the holiday. Recent research seems to support the contention that Matthew Maguire, later the secretary of Local 344 of the International Association of Machinists in Paterson, N.J., proposed the holiday in 1882 while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union in New York. What is clear is that the Central Labor Union adopted a Labor Day proposal and appointed a committee to plan a demonstration and picnic.

The Moss Industry in the South, Harper's Weekly, September 2, 1882

The First Labor Day

The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883.

New England Factory Life.  Harpers Weekly June 25, 1888

In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed, and the Central Labor Union urged similar organizations in other cities to follow the example of New York and celebrate a "workingmen's holiday" on that date. The idea spread with the growth of labor organizations, and in 1885 Labor Day was celebrated in many industrial centers of the country.

Working Women's Protective Union Hearing Complaint Against Sewing Machine Dealer

Labor Day Legislation

Through the years the nation gave increasing emphasis to Labor Day. The first governmental recognition came through municipal ordinances passed during 1885 and 1886. From them developed the movement to secure state legislation. The first state bill was introduced into the New York legislature, but the first to become law was passed by Oregon on February 21, 1887. During the year four more states — Colorado, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York — created the Labor Day holiday by legislative enactment. By the end of the decade Connecticut, Nebraska, and Pennsylvania had followed suit. By 1894, 23 other states had adopted the holiday in honor of workers, and on June 28 of that year, Congress passed an act making the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.

A Nationwide Holiday

The form that the observance and celebration of Labor Day should take were outlined in the first proposal of the holiday — a street parade to exhibit to the public "the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations" of the community, followed by a festival for the recreation and amusement of the workers and their families. This became the pattern for the celebrations of Labor Day. Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civic significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.

Maryland - The Labor Troubles In The Cumberland District - Scenes At and About the Eckhart Mines Detail, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, June 10, 1882

Labor Day was important for women who organized & took part in parades and celebrations. It honored women laborers during World War II, who took the place of men in the American workforce, as they were deployed around the world. World War II's Rosie the Riveter was a real woman, Rose Will Monroe, who was born in Pulaski County, Kentucky in 1920, and moved to Michigan during World War II. She worked as a riveter at the Willow Run Aircraft Factory in Ypsilanti, Michigan, building B-29 and B-24 bombers for the U.S. Army Air Forces.

The character of the Labor Day celebration has undergone a change in recent years, especially in large industrial centers where mass displays and huge parades have proved a problem. This change, however, is more a shift in emphasis and medium of expression. Labor Day addresses by leading union officials, industrialists, educators, clerics and government officials are given wide coverage in newspapers, radio, and television.

Pennsylvania - The Carpet-Weaver's Strike in Philadelphia - Female Strikers Patrolling the Streets, Frank Leslie's Illustrated News, November 3, 1888

The vital force of labor added materially to the highest standard of living and the greatest production the world has ever known and has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy. It is appropriate, therefore, that the nation pay tribute on Labor Day to the creator of so much of the nation's strength, freedom, and leadership — the American worker.

Labor Day Parade, float of Women's Trade Union League, New York

Women Organizing in the 19th Century compiled by the I Am Woman blog.

1824 Women workers strike for the first time in history at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. 102 women workers strike in support of brother weavers protesting the simultaneous reduction in wages and extension of the workday.

1825 'The United Tailoresses of New York' is formed. It is the first union for women only.

Labor Day

1831 In February of this year, almost 1600 women, all members of the United Tailoresses of New York, strike for "a just price for our labor."

1845 The 'Female Labor Reform Association' is formed in Lowell, Massachusetts by Sarah Bagley and other women cotton mill workers to reduce the work day from 12 or 13 hours a day to 10, and to improve sanitation and safety in the mills where they worked.

Detroit, Michigan. Women workers parading in the Labor Day parade photo by Arthur S. Siegel, September 1942 Photos from Farm Security Administration, Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress

1853 Antoinette Brown becomes the first U.S. woman to be ordained as a Protestant minister.

1867 Cigar makers are the first national union to accept women and African Americans.

1869 In July, women shoemakers form the 'Daughters of St. Crispin', the first national union of women workers, at Lynn, Massachusetts.

World War II Rosies

1872 Congress passes a law giving women federal employee equal pay for equal work.

1881 In Atlanta, Georgia almost 3,000 black women laundry workers stage one of the largest and most effective strikes in the history of the south.

Detroit, Michigan. Float in the Labor Day parade showing relationship between the Army, Red Cross and industrial workers photo by Arthur S. Siegel, September 1942 Photos from Farm Security Administration, Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress

1888 Suffragists win passage of a law requiring women doctors for women patients in mental institutions.

1889 Jane Adams founds Hull House in Chicago to assist the poor. It becomes a model for many other settlement houses and establishes social work as a profession for women.

World War II Rosies

1892 Mary Kenney O'Sullivan of the Bindery Workers is appointed the AFL's first female national organizer.

1898 Charlotte Perkins Gillman wrote 'Women and Economics' which argues that women need to be economically independent.

1899 The National Consumers League is formed with Florence Kelley as its president. The League organizes women to use their power as consumers to push for better working conditions and protective law for women workers.