19C Women in Gardens - Norwegian

 
Erik Werenskiold (Norwegian painter and illustrator) 1855 - 1938 Yndlingspromenaden (På Gamle Tomter), 1884

19C Women in Gardens - American Artist

 
Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  Foxgloves & Woman

 Biography of Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874-1939)

Frederick Carl Frieseke, born on April 7, 1874, in Owosso, Michigan, became one of the prominent figures in American Impressionism. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago & the Art Students League of New York, Frieseke moved to Paris in 1898 to further his training. He studied at the Académie Julian & the Académie Carmen under James McNeill Whistler, whose emphasis on color & light profoundly influenced his work.

Frieseke settled in Giverny, France, in 1906, where he became closely associated with the American expatriate art colony. His work during this period, characterized by a focus on light, color, & the depiction of women in domestic & outdoor settings, gained widespread acclaim. Frieseke’s paintings often featured serene, & sun-dappled gardens rendered with a soft, harmonious palette.

Throughout his career, Frieseke exhibited widely in both Europe & the United States, earning numerous awards & honors. Although he spent much of his career in France, his work remained influential in the United States. Frederick Carl Frieseke passed away on August 24, 1939, in Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, France, as one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Henry. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Evolution of an American Impressionist. Telfair Museum of Art, 2001.

Booth, James, & Larkin, Susan. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Painter as Poet. Hudson Hills Press, 1998.

Chotner, Deborah. American Impressionism & Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Gerdts, William H. American Impressionism. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Gerdts, William H., & Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Impressionism Abroad: Boston & American Expatriate Painters. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art & Early Film, 1880-1910. Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

Vose, Marcia. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Light Within. Vose Galleries, 1986.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. The American Pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Garland Publishing, 1984.

Articles:

Caldwell, Martha. "A Light Among the Impressionists: The Art of Frederick Carl Frieseke." Smithsonian Studies in American Art, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003, pp. 68-85.

Evans, Helen. "Frieseke in Giverny: A Study of Light & Color." The Art Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 4, 2001, pp. 602-618.

Hiesinger, Ulrich W. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: An American in Giverny." American Art Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 110-121.

Johnston, Kimberly. "Women & Domesticity in the Work of Frederick Carl Frieseke." American Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 14-29.

Owens, Gwendolyn. "Frederick Carl Frieseke & the Art of Intimacy." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 143, no. 1184, 2001, pp. 46-53.

Taylor, Kimberly A. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: Impressionism & the Aesthetic of Pleasure." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-38.

Tovey, Frank. "Frederick Carl Frieseke’s Aesthetic Vision: American & French Influences." American Art Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 2008, pp. 40-57.

Wilkin, Karen. "Frieseke’s French Connection: American Impressionism Revisited." The Magazine Antiques, vol. 162, no. 5, 2003, pp. 194-203.

19C Women in Gardens - French

 
Claude Monet (French painter) 1840 - 1926 Camille Monet (1847–1879) on a Garden Bench, c. 1871

19C Women in Gardens - British

 
Edward Killingworth Johnson (British painter) 1825 - 1896  Catching the Pony, 1879

19C Women in Gardens - American Artist

 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  Woman in the Garden

Biography of Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874-1939)

Frederick Carl Frieseke, born on April 7, 1874, in Owosso, Michigan, became one of the prominent figures in American Impressionism. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago & the Art Students League of New York, Frieseke moved to Paris in 1898 to further his training. He studied at the Académie Julian & the Académie Carmen under James McNeill Whistler, whose emphasis on color & light profoundly influenced his work.

Frieseke settled in Giverny, France, in 1906, where he became closely associated with the American expatriate art colony. His work during this period, characterized by a focus on light, color, & the depiction of women in domestic & outdoor settings, gained widespread acclaim. Frieseke’s paintings often featured serene, & sun-dappled gardens rendered with a soft, harmonious palette.

Throughout his career, Frieseke exhibited widely in both Europe & the United States, earning numerous awards & honors. Although he spent much of his career in France, his work remained influential in the United States. Frederick Carl Frieseke passed away on August 24, 1939, in Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, France, as one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Henry. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Evolution of an American Impressionist. Telfair Museum of Art, 2001.

Booth, James, & Larkin, Susan. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Painter as Poet. Hudson Hills Press, 1998.

Chotner, Deborah. American Impressionism & Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Gerdts, William H. American Impressionism. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Gerdts, William H., & Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Impressionism Abroad: Boston & American Expatriate Painters. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art & Early Film, 1880-1910. Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

Vose, Marcia. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Light Within. Vose Galleries, 1986.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. The American Pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Garland Publishing, 1984.

Articles:

Caldwell, Martha. "A Light Among the Impressionists: The Art of Frederick Carl Frieseke." Smithsonian Studies in American Art, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003, pp. 68-85.

Evans, Helen. "Frieseke in Giverny: A Study of Light & Color." The Art Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 4, 2001, pp. 602-618.

Hiesinger, Ulrich W. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: An American in Giverny." American Art Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 110-121.

Johnston, Kimberly. "Women & Domesticity in the Work of Frederick Carl Frieseke." American Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 14-29.

Owens, Gwendolyn. "Frederick Carl Frieseke & the Art of Intimacy." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 143, no. 1184, 2001, pp. 46-53.

Taylor, Kimberly A. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: Impressionism & the Aesthetic of Pleasure." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-38.

Tovey, Frank. "Frederick Carl Frieseke’s Aesthetic Vision: American & French Influences." American Art Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 2008, pp. 40-57.

Wilkin, Karen. "Frieseke’s French Connection: American Impressionism Revisited." The Magazine Antiques, vol. 162, no. 5, 2003, pp. 194-203.

19C Women in Gardens - American Artist

 
Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman Reading in the Garden

19C Women in Gardens - American Artist

 
Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman Seated in a Garden 

Biography of Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874-1939)

Frederick Carl Frieseke, born on April 7, 1874, in Owosso, Michigan, became one of the prominent figures in American Impressionism. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago & the Art Students League of New York, Frieseke moved to Paris in 1898 to further his training. He studied at the Académie Julian & the Académie Carmen under James McNeill Whistler, whose emphasis on color & light profoundly influenced his work.

Frieseke settled in Giverny, France, in 1906, where he became closely associated with the American expatriate art colony. His work during this period, characterized by a focus on light, color, & the depiction of women in domestic & outdoor settings, gained widespread acclaim. Frieseke’s paintings often featured serene, & sun-dappled gardens rendered with a soft, harmonious palette.

Throughout his career, Frieseke exhibited widely in both Europe & the United States, earning numerous awards & honors. Although he spent much of his career in France, his work remained influential in the United States. Frederick Carl Frieseke passed away on August 24, 1939, in Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, France, as one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Henry. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Evolution of an American Impressionist. Telfair Museum of Art, 2001.

Booth, James, & Larkin, Susan. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Painter as Poet. Hudson Hills Press, 1998.

Chotner, Deborah. American Impressionism & Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Gerdts, William H. American Impressionism. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Gerdts, William H., & Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Impressionism Abroad: Boston & American Expatriate Painters. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art & Early Film, 1880-1910. Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

Vose, Marcia. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Light Within. Vose Galleries, 1986.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. The American Pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Garland Publishing, 1984.

Articles:

Caldwell, Martha. "A Light Among the Impressionists: The Art of Frederick Carl Frieseke." Smithsonian Studies in American Art, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003, pp. 68-85.

Evans, Helen. "Frieseke in Giverny: A Study of Light & Color." The Art Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 4, 2001, pp. 602-618.

Hiesinger, Ulrich W. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: An American in Giverny." American Art Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 110-121.

Johnston, Kimberly. "Women & Domesticity in the Work of Frederick Carl Frieseke." American Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 14-29.

Owens, Gwendolyn. "Frederick Carl Frieseke & the Art of Intimacy." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 143, no. 1184, 2001, pp. 46-53.

Taylor, Kimberly A. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: Impressionism & the Aesthetic of Pleasure." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-38.

Tovey, Frank. "Frederick Carl Frieseke’s Aesthetic Vision: American & French Influences." American Art Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 2008, pp. 40-57.

Wilkin, Karen. "Frieseke’s French Connection: American Impressionism Revisited." The Magazine Antiques, vol. 162, no. 5, 2003, pp. 194-203.

19C Women in Gardens - American Artist

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  Woman under The Judas Tree

Biography of Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874-1939)

Frederick Carl Frieseke, born on April 7, 1874, in Owosso, Michigan, became one of the prominent figures in American Impressionism. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago & the Art Students League of New York, Frieseke moved to Paris in 1898 to further his training. He studied at the Académie Julian & the Académie Carmen under James McNeill Whistler, whose emphasis on color & light profoundly influenced his work.

Frieseke settled in Giverny, France, in 1906, where he became closely associated with the American expatriate art colony. His work during this period, characterized by a focus on light, color, & the depiction of women in domestic & outdoor settings, gained widespread acclaim. Frieseke’s paintings often featured serene, & sun-dappled gardens rendered with a soft, harmonious palette.

Throughout his career, Frieseke exhibited widely in both Europe & the United States, earning numerous awards & honors. Although he spent much of his career in France, his work remained influential in the United States. Frederick Carl Frieseke passed away on August 24, 1939, in Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, France, as one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Henry. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Evolution of an American Impressionist. Telfair Museum of Art, 2001.

Booth, James, & Larkin, Susan. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Painter as Poet. Hudson Hills Press, 1998.

Chotner, Deborah. American Impressionism & Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Gerdts, William H. American Impressionism. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Gerdts, William H., & Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Impressionism Abroad: Boston & American Expatriate Painters. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art & Early Film, 1880-1910. Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

Vose, Marcia. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Light Within. Vose Galleries, 1986.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. The American Pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Garland Publishing, 1984.

Articles:

Caldwell, Martha. "A Light Among the Impressionists: The Art of Frederick Carl Frieseke." Smithsonian Studies in American Art, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003, pp. 68-85.

Evans, Helen. "Frieseke in Giverny: A Study of Light & Color." The Art Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 4, 2001, pp. 602-618.

Hiesinger, Ulrich W. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: An American in Giverny." American Art Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 110-121.

Johnston, Kimberly. "Women & Domesticity in the Work of Frederick Carl Frieseke." American Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 14-29.

Owens, Gwendolyn. "Frederick Carl Frieseke & the Art of Intimacy." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 143, no. 1184, 2001, pp. 46-53.

Taylor, Kimberly A. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: Impressionism & the Aesthetic of Pleasure." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-38.

Tovey, Frank. "Frederick Carl Frieseke’s Aesthetic Vision: American & French Influences." American Art Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 2008, pp. 40-57.

Wilkin, Karen. "Frieseke’s French Connection: American Impressionism Revisited." The Magazine Antiques, vol. 162, no. 5, 2003, pp. 194-203.

19C Women in Gardens - British

William Affleck (British painter) 1869 - 1943   Young Women in a Cottage Garden 

19C Women in Gardens - American

Theodore Robinson (American painter) 1852 - 1896   Correspondence, 1895

19C Women in Gardens - American Artist

 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman in Sun and Wind

Biography of Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874-1939)

Frederick Carl Frieseke, born on April 7, 1874, in Owosso, Michigan, became one of the prominent figures in American Impressionism. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago & the Art Students League of New York, Frieseke moved to Paris in 1898 to further his training. He studied at the Académie Julian & the Académie Carmen under James McNeill Whistler, whose emphasis on color & light profoundly influenced his work.

Frieseke settled in Giverny, France, in 1906, where he became closely associated with the American expatriate art colony. His work during this period, characterized by a focus on light, color, & the depiction of women in domestic & outdoor settings, gained widespread acclaim. Frieseke’s paintings often featured serene, & sun-dappled gardens rendered with a soft, harmonious palette.

Throughout his career, Frieseke exhibited widely in both Europe & the United States, earning numerous awards & honors. Although he spent much of his career in France, his work remained influential in the United States. Frederick Carl Frieseke passed away on August 24, 1939, in Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, France, as one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Henry. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Evolution of an American Impressionist. Telfair Museum of Art, 2001.

Booth, James, & Larkin, Susan. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Painter as Poet. Hudson Hills Press, 1998.

Chotner, Deborah. American Impressionism & Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Gerdts, William H. American Impressionism. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Gerdts, William H., & Hiesinger, Ulrich W. Impressionism Abroad: Boston & American Expatriate Painters. Abbeville Press, 2001.

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art & Early Film, 1880-1910. Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

Vose, Marcia. Frederick Carl Frieseke: The Light Within. Vose Galleries, 1986.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. The American Pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Garland Publishing, 1984.

Articles:

Caldwell, Martha. "A Light Among the Impressionists: The Art of Frederick Carl Frieseke." Smithsonian Studies in American Art, vol. 9, no. 2, 2003, pp. 68-85.

Evans, Helen. "Frieseke in Giverny: A Study of Light & Color." The Art Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 4, 2001, pp. 602-618.

Hiesinger, Ulrich W. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: An American in Giverny." American Art Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 110-121.

Johnston, Kimberly. "Women & Domesticity in the Work of Frederick Carl Frieseke." American Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 14-29.

Owens, Gwendolyn. "Frederick Carl Frieseke & the Art of Intimacy." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 143, no. 1184, 2001, pp. 46-53.

Taylor, Kimberly A. "Frederick Carl Frieseke: Impressionism & the Aesthetic of Pleasure." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-38.

Tovey, Frank. "Frederick Carl Frieseke’s Aesthetic Vision: American & French Influences." American Art Review, vol. 15, no. 4, 2008, pp. 40-57.

Wilkin, Karen. "Frieseke’s French Connection: American Impressionism Revisited." The Magazine Antiques, vol. 162, no. 5, 2003, pp. 194-203.

July 4th with Earliest Presidents - George Washington & John Adams

1789- George Washington is in New York and is ill but writes a letter to the New York State's Society of the Cinncinatti letting that organization know that he received their congratulations.

1790- Washington is in New York on the Fourth attending services at Trinity Church. (Writings of George Washington, 31:67). However, the actual celebration occurs on the 5th. Together with members of Congress and other officials, Washington attends a celebration held at St. Paul's Chapel. On that day he also receives many guests.

1791- Washington is in Lancaster, Pa. giving an address, dining, and walking "about the town."

1793- Washington is home at Mount Vernon writing a letter to the Secretary of State; on that day he also attends a public celebration in Alexandria, VA

1795- Washington is in Philadelphia

1796- Washington is at Mount Vernon writing letters to the Secretaries of State and Treasury and he also attends a public celebration in Alexandria, VA

1797- John Adams is in Philadelphia where the Society of the Cincinnati and House of Representatives "and a great concorse of citizens" waited on him. "The volunteer corps pertook of a cold collation prepared for them in the President's garden, drank his health with three huzzas, and then filed off thro' the House."

1798- Adams is in Philadelphia reviewing a parade of military companies and later that afternoon receiving and entertaining guests

1799- President Adams is at the Old South Meeting House in Boston listening to an oration presented by John Lowell, Jr.

1800- the President is in Quincy, Massachusetts

July 4th 1801 with President Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson by Charles Peale Polk

The White House Historical Association tells us that although John Adams was the first president to occupy the executive mansion, it was Thomas Jefferson who established the traditions of a July 4th celebration at the White House or President’s House as it was called in his time. Jefferson opened the house and greeted the people along with diplomats, civil and military officers, and Cherokee chiefs in the center of the oval saloon under Gilbert Stuart’s famous portrait of George Washington. Jefferson also added music to the celebration. The Marine Band, already "The President’s Own," played in the Entrance Hall performing "The President’s March" and other "patriotic airs."

The north grounds of the President’s Park—the "common"—came alive at daybreak with the raising of tents and booths, soon followed by crowds of people. A festival took place just for the day. Food and drink and cottage goods of all types were sold. There were horse races and cockfights and parades of the Washington Militia and other military companies. A bare headed Jefferson with his "grey locks waving in the air" watched from the steps of the White House. Then he invited everyone in to partake of his hospitality and his thanksgiving for the preservation of independence.

An Account of July Fourth at the President’s House, 1801, from a letter from Mrs. Smith to her sister Mary Ann Smith: "About 12 o'clock yesterday, the citizens of Washington and Geo. Town waited upon the President to make their devoirs. I accompanied Mr. Sumpter (?). We found about 20 persons present in a room where sat Mr. J. surrounded by the five Cherokee chiefs. After a conversation of a few minutes, he invited his company into the usual dining room, whose four large sideboards were covered with refreshments, such as cakes of various kinds, wine, punch, &c. Every citizen was invited to partake, as his taste dictated, of them, and the invitation was most cheerfully accepted, and the consequent duties discharged with alacrity. The company soon increased to near a hundred, including all the public officers and most of the respectable citizens, and strangers of distinction. Martial music soon announced the approach of the marine corps of Capt. Burrows, who in due military form saluted the President, accompanied by the President's March played by an excellent hand attached to the corps. After undergoing various military evolutions, the company returned to the dining room, and the hand from an adjacent room played a succession of fine patriotic airs. All appeared to be cheerful, all happy. Mr. Jefferson mingled promiscuously with the citizens."

Source: Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Galliard Hunt (New York: Scribner’s, 1906), 30.

July 4th - Some Unexpected 19C Results

1837 Cartoon of a 4th of July celebration

This chronology offers a glimpse at how The 4th of July was celebrated with sometimes tragic results in 19C America.  Some of these celebrations turned into unexpected calamities

1815- In New York, a group of "patriotic tars" tries to "haul down the British colors" but they are dispersed by the police.

1831- Fourth of July celebrations near Washington DC, going nearly unnoticed, A tribe of Pequoad indians celebrate the Fourth of July with a series of war dances at a wigwam, south of Alexandria, Va.

1840  In Portsmouth, N.H., a large pavilion erected in the form of an amphitheatre for 4th of July celebrations collapses throwing nearly a 1,000 people to the ground, resulting in many injuries but no deaths.

1841 At Parrott's Woods, near Georgetown (D.C.), the speaker's platform collapses, throwing celebraties D.C. Mayor William W. Seaton, George Washington P. Custis, and others dignitaries to the ground, but no one is injured.

1843- In Poughkeepsie, N.Y., a church burns to the ground as a result of a firecracker "carelessly thrown by a boy."

1845- In Washington, D.C., on the grounds south of the Executive Mansion, 12 rockets are accidentally fired into the crowd, killing James Knowles and Georgiana Ferguson and injuring several others.   In Ithaca, N.Y., 3 persons are killed by an exploding cannon.

1853-  Some 500 residents of Baltimore go on an excursion to Annapolis, MD., and while there, some of them fight with a group of Annapolitans resulting in 2 persons killed, and several injured.

1854-  The mayor of Wilmington, Delaware, is mobbed by a group of angry citizens after putting City Council member Joshua S. Valentine in jail for setting off firecrackers.

1855- In Worcester, Mass., angry citizens demonstrate against the city officials there who had refused to fund the town's Fourth of July celebration; in Columbus, Ohio, a parade of firemen, Turners and other societies, turns into a huge riot, resulting in one dead and several injured.

1856- The first Fourth of July celebration "west of the Big Woods" in Minnesota occurred and consisted of a bear hunt by several hunters. No report of any bears being killed or maimed.

1857- In Boston at the Navy Yard, the frigate Vermont is set on fire when "a wad" from an artillery salute "was blown on board of the hull"

1858-  At Niagara Falls, N.Y., at the celebration of the opening of the hydraulic canal, the dam gives way and water floods the area, but no one is critically injured.

Alfred Cornelius Howland (American painter, 1838-1909) Fourth of July Parade

1860- In Jamestown, N.Y., the Museum Society, made up of children between the ages of 10 and 15, take charge of the celebration there, because most of the adults are not in town, but in Randolph, N.Y., celebrating without their children.

1863-  In Gettysburg, Pa., as the Rebel troops are making their escape from the great battle just fought there, when someone throws firecrackers among the ambulances carrying the wounded and causes a stampede of the horses and panic among the troops. 

1864- Secretary of State William Seward, riding in a carriage celebrting the 4th, narrowly avoids fatal injury when a rocket, set off by a young boy, strikes him above his eye.

1866- One of the worst fires ever to occur on Independence Day takes place in Portland, Maine, the blame was placed on an errant firecracker.

1867- In Washington DC, two members of the House of Representatives are arrested for violating a city ordinance prohibiting the setting off of firecrackers in the public streets. And a freight train carrying a "large quantity of fireworks" on route to a celebration in Springfield, MA derails near Charleston and the train is completely wrecked.

1868-  In Groton, Mass., the Lawrence Academy, is destroyed by fire due to a firecracker "thrown on the piazza by a boy." In Buffalo, NY, St. John's Episcopal Church burns to the ground due to a rocket that exploded in its spire.

1870-  In Marysville, Pa., at a picnic held by black military companies, a riot ensues with several persons shot.

1875- Several blacks and possibly one white are killed when a fray erupts at a Fourth of July celebration held at the Court House in Vicksburg, Miss.

1876- In Hamburg, South Carolina, an incident results in a massacre of African-Americans occurs.

1880- The first Fourth of July celebration held in Uintah County, Utah, occurs and "only eight men and women were present."

1884- In Swan City, Colorado, angry miners blow up the town's Post Office, because they are not supplied with fireworks.

July 4th Parade with Goat Cart - Hayne Street in Monroe, NC

1893- In the Battery in New York, a gunner is put under arrest for inaccurate counting of a 21-gun national salute in which 23 rounds were fired.

For much, much more on July 4th celebrations, see:
The Fourth of July Encyclopedia by James R. Heintze (2007)

USA Bill of Rights - Amendments to the US Constitution

 On September 25, 1789, the First Congress of the United States proposed 12 amendments to the Constitution. The 1789 Joint Resolution of Congress proposing the amendments is on display in the Rotunda in the National Archives Museum. Ten of the proposed 12 amendments were ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures on December 15, 1791. The ratified Articles (Articles 3–12) constitute the first 10 amendments of the Constitution, or the U.S. Bill of Rights. In 1992, 203 years after it was proposed, Article 2 was ratified as the 27th Amendment to the Constitution. Article 1 was never ratified.

Transcription of the 1789 Joint Resolution of Congress Proposing 12 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Congress of the United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.

RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.

ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.

Article the first... After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.

Article the second... No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

Article the third... Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Article the fourth... A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Article the fifth... No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Article the sixth... The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Article the seventh... No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Article the eighth... In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

Article the ninth... In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Article the tenth... Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Article the eleventh... The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Article the twelfth... The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

ATTEST,

Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Representatives

John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate

John Beckley, Clerk of the House of Representatives.

Sam. A Otis Secretary of the Senate

The U.S. Bill of Rights

Note: The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. These amendments were ratified December 15, 1791, and form what is known as the "Bill of Rights."

Amendment I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Amendment II

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Amendment III

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Amendment IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Amendment V

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Amendment VI

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

Amendment VII

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Amendment VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Amendment IX

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Amendment X

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

USA Constitution - What They Wrote & Signed - Finding a way to make it work...

Howard Chandler Christy's Conxtitution Independence Hall in Philadelphia September 17, 1787

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Article. I.

Section. 1.

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section. 2.

The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section. 3.

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section. 4.

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

Section. 5.

Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section. 6.

The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

Section. 7.

All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

Section. 8.

The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Section. 9.

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

Section. 10.

No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Article. II.

Section. 1.

The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section. 2.

The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

Section. 3.

He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Section. 4.

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article. III.

Section. 1.

The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Section. 2.

The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;— between a State and Citizens of another State,—between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section. 3.

Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

Article. IV.

Section. 1.

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section. 2.

The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section. 3.

New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section. 4.

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.

Article. V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

Article. VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

Article. VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, The Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.

Attest William Jackson Secretary

done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

G°. Washington  Presidt and deputy from Virginia

USA Declaration of Independence - What They Wrote & Signed

Declaration of Independence (1819) by John Trumbull (1756-1843) painter & military officer 

Unanimous Declaration of the 13 United States of America

When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. — And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

President of Congress

1. John Hancock (Massachusetts Bay)

New Hampshire

2. Josiah Bartlett

3. William Whipple

4. Matthew Thornton

Massachusetts Bay

5. Samuel Adams

6. John Adams

7. Robert Treat Paine

8. Elbridge Gerry

Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

9. Stephen Hopkins

10. William Ellery

Connecticut

11. Roger Sherman

12. Samuel Huntington

13. William Williams

14. Oliver Wolcott

New York

15. William Floyd

16. Philip Livingston

17. Francis Lewis

18. Lewis Morris

New Jersey

19. Richard Stockton

20. John Witherspoon

21. Francis Hopkinson

22. John Hart

23. Abraham Clark

Pennsylvania

24. Robert Morris

25. Benjamin Rush

26. Benjamin Franklin

27. John Morton

28. George Clymer

29. James Smith

30. George Taylor

31. James Wilson

32. George Ross

Delaware

33. Caesar Rodney

34. George Read

35. Thomas McKean

Maryland

36. Samuel Chase

37. William Paca

38. Thomas Stone

39. Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Virginia

40. George Wythe

41. Richard Henry Lee

42. Thomas Jefferson

43. Benjamin Harrison

44. Thomas Nelson, Jr.

45. Francis Lightfoot Lee

46. Carter Braxton

North Carolina

47. William Hooper

48. Joseph Hewes

49. John Penn

South Carolina

50. Edward Rutledge

51. Thomas Heyward, Jr.

52. Thomas Lynch, Jr.

53. Arthur Middleton

Georgia

54. Button Gwinnett

55. Lyman Hall

56. George Walton