Women and Labor Day

.

Norman Rockwell, Rosie the Riviter 1943

The United States Department of Labor tell us that Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. It constitutes a yearly national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of the country.

Who Was the Founder of Labor Day?

More than 100 years after the first Labor Day observance, there is still some doubt as to who first proposed the holiday for workers. Some records show that Peter J. McGuire, general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and a cofounder of the American Federation of Labor, was first in suggesting a day to honor those "who from rude nature have delved and carved all the grandeur we behold."

Winslow Homer, Bobbin Girl. 1871 Lowell Massachusetts, National Historical Park

But Peter McGuire's place in Labor Day history has not gone unchallenged. Many believe that Matthew Maguire, a machinist, not Peter McGuire, founded the holiday. Recent research seems to support the contention that Matthew Maguire, later the secretary of Local 344 of the International Association of Machinists in Paterson, N.J., proposed the holiday in 1882 while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union in New York. What is clear is that the Central Labor Union adopted a Labor Day proposal and appointed a committee to plan a demonstration and picnic.

The Moss Industry in the South, Harper's Weekly, September 2, 1882

The First Labor Day

The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883.

New England Factory Life.  Harpers Weekly June 25, 1888

In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed, and the Central Labor Union urged similar organizations in other cities to follow the example of New York and celebrate a "workingmen's holiday" on that date. The idea spread with the growth of labor organizations, and in 1885 Labor Day was celebrated in many industrial centers of the country.

Working Women's Protective Union Hearing Complaint Against Sewing Machine Dealer

Labor Day Legislation

Through the years the nation gave increasing emphasis to Labor Day. The first governmental recognition came through municipal ordinances passed during 1885 and 1886. From them developed the movement to secure state legislation. The first state bill was introduced into the New York legislature, but the first to become law was passed by Oregon on February 21, 1887. During the year four more states — Colorado, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York — created the Labor Day holiday by legislative enactment. By the end of the decade Connecticut, Nebraska, and Pennsylvania had followed suit. By 1894, 23 other states had adopted the holiday in honor of workers, and on June 28 of that year, Congress passed an act making the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.

A Nationwide Holiday

The form that the observance and celebration of Labor Day should take were outlined in the first proposal of the holiday — a street parade to exhibit to the public "the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations" of the community, followed by a festival for the recreation and amusement of the workers and their families. This became the pattern for the celebrations of Labor Day. Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civic significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.

Maryland - The Labor Troubles In The Cumberland District - Scenes At and About the Eckhart Mines Detail, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, June 10, 1882

Labor Day was important for women who organized & took part in parades and celebrations. It honored women laborers during World War II, who took the place of men in the American workforce, as they were deployed around the world. World War II's Rosie the Riveter was a real woman, Rose Will Monroe, who was born in Pulaski County, Kentucky in 1920, and moved to Michigan during World War II. She worked as a riveter at the Willow Run Aircraft Factory in Ypsilanti, Michigan, building B-29 and B-24 bombers for the U.S. Army Air Forces.

The character of the Labor Day celebration has undergone a change in recent years, especially in large industrial centers where mass displays and huge parades have proved a problem. This change, however, is more a shift in emphasis and medium of expression. Labor Day addresses by leading union officials, industrialists, educators, clerics and government officials are given wide coverage in newspapers, radio, and television.

Pennsylvania - The Carpet-Weaver's Strike in Philadelphia - Female Strikers Patrolling the Streets, Frank Leslie's Illustrated News, November 3, 1888

The vital force of labor added materially to the highest standard of living and the greatest production the world has ever known and has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy. It is appropriate, therefore, that the nation pay tribute on Labor Day to the creator of so much of the nation's strength, freedom, and leadership — the American worker.

Labor Day Parade, float of Women's Trade Union League, New York

Women Organizing in the 19th Century compiled by the I Am Woman blog.

1824 Women workers strike for the first time in history at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. 102 women workers strike in support of brother weavers protesting the simultaneous reduction in wages and extension of the workday.

1825 'The United Tailoresses of New York' is formed. It is the first union for women only.

Labor Day

1831 In February of this year, almost 1600 women, all members of the United Tailoresses of New York, strike for "a just price for our labor."

1845 The 'Female Labor Reform Association' is formed in Lowell, Massachusetts by Sarah Bagley and other women cotton mill workers to reduce the work day from 12 or 13 hours a day to 10, and to improve sanitation and safety in the mills where they worked.

Detroit, Michigan. Women workers parading in the Labor Day parade photo by Arthur S. Siegel, September 1942 Photos from Farm Security Administration, Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress

1853 Antoinette Brown becomes the first U.S. woman to be ordained as a Protestant minister.

1867 Cigar makers are the first national union to accept women and African Americans.

1869 In July, women shoemakers form the 'Daughters of St. Crispin', the first national union of women workers, at Lynn, Massachusetts.

World War II Rosies

1872 Congress passes a law giving women federal employee equal pay for equal work.

1881 In Atlanta, Georgia almost 3,000 black women laundry workers stage one of the largest and most effective strikes in the history of the south.

Detroit, Michigan. Float in the Labor Day parade showing relationship between the Army, Red Cross and industrial workers photo by Arthur S. Siegel, September 1942 Photos from Farm Security Administration, Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress

1888 Suffragists win passage of a law requiring women doctors for women patients in mental institutions.

1889 Jane Adams founds Hull House in Chicago to assist the poor. It becomes a model for many other settlement houses and establishes social work as a profession for women.

World War II Rosies

1892 Mary Kenney O'Sullivan of the Bindery Workers is appointed the AFL's first female national organizer.

1898 Charlotte Perkins Gillman wrote 'Women and Economics' which argues that women need to be economically independent.

1899 The National Consumers League is formed with Florence Kelley as its president. The League organizes women to use their power as consumers to push for better working conditions and protective law for women workers.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935) Celia's Thaxter's Garden 1892

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Lady in Flower Garden. ca 1891

FFrederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). In the Garden. ca 1888-89Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Woman Cutting Roses in a Garden. 1888

89Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Lady in the Park. 1897

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Gathering Flowers in a French Garden. ca 1888

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American Artist

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). The Artist's Wife in a Garden Villiers le Bel. 1889

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). In a French Garden.

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women Gardening by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Daniel Ridgeway Knight (1839-1924) was an American born painter known for his detailed & deeply romanticized depictions of simple rural life, particularly focusing on the exhausting daily activities of women gardening for a living.. 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts & later moved to Paris to further his studies at the École des Beaux-Arts. He was influenced by the Barbizon school & later became associated with the Academic style.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

The Barbizon School was a pivotal movement in 19C art, emphasizing realistic depictions of nature & rural life, & playing a crucial role in the evolution of landscape painting. 

Gardening Detail by  Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

The Barbizon School emerged in France between 1830 & 1870. It is named after the village of Barbizon, near the Forest of Fontainebleau, where many of the artists associated with the movement gathered & worked.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

The Barbizon artists were inspired by 17C Dutch landscape painters, such as Jacob van Ruisdael (1629 – 1682) & Meindert Hobbema (1638 – 1709), who also focused on naturalistic representations of rural scenes. 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Artists adopting the Barbizon School movement like Daniel Ridgeway Knight reacted against the formalism & artificiality of academic art that dominated the French art scene at the time. 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Artists of the Barbizon School included Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796-1875): Known for his poetic & atmospheric landscapes.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Another Barbizon artist was Théodore Rousseau (1812-1867): One of the leaders of the movement, noted for his detailed & textured depictions of trees & forests.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

A similar Barbizon artist was Jean-François Millet (1814-1875): Famous for his scenes of peasant life, emphasizing the dignity of labor.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

These artists sought to break away from the rigid conventions of the Academy & find inspiration directly in nature. Their work laid the groundwork for later movements, such as Impressionism, which further explored the effects of light & atmosphere & continued the tradition of painting en plein air.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

One of the hallmarks of the Barbizon School was painting en plein air (outdoors). This approach allowed artists to observe & render the ever-changing changing effects of light & atmosphere directly from nature.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

After 1872, he lived in France, having a house & studio on the Seine. Knight lived in the village of Rolleboise, France, surrounded by the very scenes he painted. 

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight was surrounded by the beauty of the French countryside & sought to celebrate the simplicity & tranquility of rural life. His paintings of women gardening seem to be  homage to the pastoral lifestyle & the hard work of rural women.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Like many artists of his time, Knight idealized the peasant class, portraying them in a romantic & often nostalgic light. His paintings reflect a sense of purity & virtue associated with rural living. Knight’s paintings provide a window into the daily lives of rural women in 19C France, showcasing their work in gardens & fields. This focus on everyday common labor highlights the importance & dignity of the women's roles in agricultural society.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Many artists of the Barbizon School were inerested in capturing the natural environment as it appeared, without idealization or romantic embellishment.  Knight's work seems both idealized & romantic much of the time.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

His works reflect the 19C trend of romanticizing the countryside, presenting an idealized version of the rural life of women gardening that contrasts with the growing industrialization & urbanization of the period.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight's meticulous attention to detail & his ability to capture light & texture invite viewers to appreciate the beauty in ordinary scenes & tasks.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight’s paintings emphasize themes of simplicity, harmony with nature, & a nobility of rural existence.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Knight's paintings are celebrated for their beauty & the serene, picturesque qualities they impart to everyday rural scenes. They continue to be appreciated for their technical skill, emotional depth, & the unique glimpse they offer of the period.

Gardening Detail by Daniel Ridgway Knight (American painter) 1839 - 1924 

Biography of Daniel Ridgway Knight (1839-1924)

Daniel Ridgway Knight, was born on March 15, 1839, in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.  Knight initially the acclaimed artists Charles Gleyre & Jean-Léon Gérôme. His artistic style evolved into a blending academic precision with a naturalistic approach.

Knight settled in France, where he developed his signature style of depicting everyday scenes of rural life. He often painted en plein air, capturing the beauty of the French countryside with meticulous attention to light, color, & detail. His compositions typically featured peasant women engaged in simple, tranquil activities, exuding a sense of serenity & harmony with nature. Knight’s work resonated with both American & European audiences, earning him numerous accolades, including medals at the Paris Salon & the Exposition Universelle.

Knight passed away on March 9, 1924, in Paris. His work remains celebrated for its technical skill, attention to detail, & ability to capture the quiet beauty of rural existence.

Bibliography

Books:

Adams, Patricia. Daniel Ridgway Knight: American Artist in France. Somogy Art Publishing, 2009.

Falk, Peter Hastings. Who Was Who in American Art: 1564-1975. Sound View Press, 1999.

Rehs, Howard L. The Life & Art of Daniel Ridgway Knight. Rehs Galleries, 2004.

Articles:

Barr, Stephanie. "Daniel Ridgway Knight & the Cult of the Peasant in French Art." The Journal of American Art, vol. 18, no. 2, 2007, pp. 54-67.

Cox, Jay. "American Expatriates & the French Rural Ideal: The Art of Daniel Ridgway Knight." American Art Review, vol. 21, no. 4, 2009, pp. 112-123.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "Rural Genre Painting & American Expatriates: Daniel Ridgway Knight’s Vision of France." American Art Journal, vol. 40, no. 3, 2012, pp. 88-101.

Zygmont, Bryan J. "The Artistic Legacy of Daniel Ridgway Knight: America’s Painter of Rural Life." American Fine Art Magazine, vol. 16, no. 5, 2018, pp. 72-83.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Mrs Hassam in the Garden. 1896

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

 

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Dog Sleeping-=Lady Reading or Dozing Off?

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). Lilies. 1910

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.

19C Women in Gardens - American

Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). After Breakfast. 1887

Biography of Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935)

Frederick Childe Hassam, born on October 17, 1859, in Dorchester, Massachusetts, became one of America’s foremost Impressionist painters. Hassam began his career as a draftsman & illustrator, but he soon transitioned to painting, studying at the Boston Art Club & then at the Académie Julian in Paris. His time in France from 1886 to 1889 deeply influenced his style, which merged American realism with French Impressionism.

Hassam returned to the United States & settled in New York City, where he became a leading figure in the American Impressionist movement. He co-founded the group known as "The Ten American Painters" in 1898, advocating for Impressionism in the U.S. His works often depicted urban scenes, landscapes, & coastal views, characterized by their vibrant light, color, & brushwork.

Hassam gained significant recognition for his "Flag Series," painted during World War I, which symbolized American patriotism. Over his career, he produced over 3,000 works, including oil paintings, watercolors, & prints. He died on August 27, 1935, in East Hampton, New York, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence American art.

Bibliography

Books:

Broun, Elizabeth. Childe Hassam: Impressionist. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Cortissoz, Royal. Childe Hassam. Scribner’s Sons, 1913.

Gerdts, William H. Childe Hassam: Impressionist of the Cities. Abbeville Press, 1994.

Pisano, Ronald G. The Complete Catalogue of Known & Documented Work by Frederick Childe Hassam (1859-1935). New York: American Art Association, 1992.

Tarbell, Roberta K. Childe Hassam's New York. Museum of the City of New York, 1993.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Articles:

Adelson, Warren. "Hassam & the Flag Paintings of World War I." The American Art Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, 1982, pp. 4-30.

Bauer, Peter. "Hassam’s Vision of America: The Artist’s Role in Shaping National Identity." American Art, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32-50.

Cikovsky, Nicolai Jr. "Childe Hassam’s Urban Modernity." Art in America, vol. 92, no. 5, 2004, pp. 85-91.

Howat, John K. "The American Flag in Childe Hassam’s Work: Symbolism & Patriotism." American Art Review, vol. 5, no. 3, 1993, pp. 68-85.

Taylor, Alex. "Monet, Hassam, and the Aesthetics of American Impressionism." The Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 4, 2012, pp. 573-595.

Wilkin, Karen. "Childe Hassam & the American Impressionists." The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 1000, 1986, pp. 761-764.

Zilczer, Judith. "Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist." Archives of American Art Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 1984, pp. 6-23.